Windows Server
Also known as: Windows Server Standard · Windows Server Datacenter
Microsoft's server operating system, licensed per physical core with a 16-core minimum per server and separate Client Access Licenses (CALs) for every user or device that connects.
- Licensing model
- Per-core (16-core minimum) + per-user or per-device CAL
- Related entities
- Client Access License (CAL) · RDS CAL · Software Assurance · Datacenter edition (unlimited VMs) · Standard edition (2 VMs per license)
SQL Server
Also known as: MS SQL · SQL Server Standard · SQL Server Enterprise
Microsoft's relational database engine, licensed either per physical core (4-core minimum per instance) or under the Server + CAL model for smaller deployments.
- Licensing model
- Per-core (4-core minimum) OR Server + CAL
- Related entities
- Core Factor table (legacy) · Software Assurance (license mobility, version upgrades) · Always On Availability Groups (requires SA) · Passive secondary rights (with SA)
Microsoft 365
Also known as: M365 · Office 365 · M365 Business · M365 Enterprise
Subscription bundle that pairs the Office desktop apps with cloud services (Exchange Online, SharePoint Online, Teams, OneDrive) and Windows / security add-ons depending on the SKU.
- Licensing model
- Per-user subscription (monthly or annual, via CSP)
- Related entities
- Cloud Solution Provider (CSP) · Exchange Online · SharePoint Online · Microsoft Teams · Entra ID (formerly Azure AD)
Office (perpetual)
Also known as: Office 2024 · Office 2021 · Office LTSC
One-time-purchase desktop Office suite (Home & Business, Professional Plus, Mac). No cloud services, locked to the release version, supported under Microsoft's fixed lifecycle policy.
- Licensing model
- Perpetual, per-device
- Related entities
- Office LTSC (Long-Term Servicing Channel) · Volume Licensing (Open Value, MPSA) · Fixed lifecycle policy
Exchange Server
On-premises mail server licensed per server, with a CAL for every connecting user or device. Standard edition allows up to 5 databases; Enterprise allows up to 100.
- Licensing model
- Server license + per-user or per-device CAL
- Related entities
- Standard CAL · Enterprise CAL · Hybrid with Exchange Online
SharePoint Server
On-premises collaboration platform licensed per server plus a CAL for every internet-anonymous or authenticated user that consumes content.
- Licensing model
- Server license + per-user/device CAL
- Related entities
- Standard CAL · Enterprise CAL · SharePoint Online (in M365)
Remote Desktop Services (RDS)
Also known as: Terminal Services · RDS CAL
Windows Server role that publishes desktops and apps over the network. Each connecting user or device needs a dedicated RDS CAL on top of the underlying Windows Server CAL.
- Licensing model
- Per-user RDS CAL or per-device RDS CAL
- Related entities
- Windows Server CAL · Per-user vs per-device CAL · RDS Licensing Server
Visual Studio
Microsoft's flagship IDE, sold as Professional or Enterprise — either as a perpetual license with optional MSDN/Subscriber benefits or as a monthly/annual subscription.
- Licensing model
- Per-user (perpetual or subscription)
- Related entities
- MSDN Subscription · Azure DevOps · GitHub Enterprise